Comparison thresholds
Thresholds to determine better or worse comparisons for London are based on standard deviations from the median.
For England thresholds we use apply the London borough standard deviations to the England value
London plan areas are as set out by Greater London Authority - see annex 2 p502 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2021.pdf
Nearest neighbours are produced by CIPFA https://www.cipfa.org/services/cipfastats/nearest-neighbour-model
Indicator data sources
PPoverty rate: Poverty rates by London borough (2022/2023) Office for National Statistics, Social and Vital Statistics Division, NatCen Social Research, Department for Work and Pensions. (2024). Households Below Average Income, 1994/95-2022/23: Secure Access. [data collection]. 14th Edition. UK Data Service. SN: 7196, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7196-15
Child poverty rate: Proportion of children in poverty before and after housing costs by London borough (2022/23) Local indicators of child poverty, Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough University for End Child Poverty; Children in low income families: local area statistics, DWP
Income inequality: London boroughs median income deprivation ranking relative to London and rest of England (2019) English Indices of Deprivation, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
80:20 earnings ratio: Pay inequality (80:20 hourly wage ratio) by London borough Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings via NOMIS, ONS
Main homelessness duty: Homelessness duties owed by London boroughs (2024 Q2) Initial assessments of statutory homelessness duties owed, Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities and Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government
Low pay (resident): Proportion of borough residents' jobs that are paid below London Living Wage (2024) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, ONS via Nomis
Households in temporary accommodation: Proportion of households in temporary accommodation in London boroughs (2024 Q2) Statutory homelessness live tables, Detailed local authority level tables, Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government.
Repossessions: Repossessions by county court bailiffs in London boroughs (2023/24) Mortgage and landlord possession statistics 2023 Q4 - 2024 Q3 and 2019, Ministry of Justice. 2018 based Household projections, ONS
Housing affordability: Rent for a one bedroom dwelling as a percentage of gross pay by London borough (October 2022 to September 2023) Private rental market statistics (October 2022 to September 2023), ONS and Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (2023), ONS via NOMIS
Housing completions: Average annual net housing completions in London boroughs (2020/21 - 2022/23) Live tables on housing supply: net additional dwellings, Table 122, DLUHC; Live tables on affordable housing supply, DLUHC; Local authority housing data, DLUHC; Private registered provider social housing stock in England, Regulator of Social Housing; London Plan 2021, Table 4.1, GLA.
People seen sleeping rough: People sleeping rough in 2023/24 according to both the CHAIN and Spotlight counts CHAIN from St. Mungo's via London Datastore (2023/24) and Spotlight from MHCLG (2023)
Unemployment rate: and Unemployment rate change Unemployment rate by London borough (2023 Q2 and 2024 Q2) Model-based estimates of unemployment, via NOMIS, ONS.
Out of work benefits: Percentage of population aged 16 to 64 on out-of-work benefits by benefit type across London boroughs (2019, 2023 and 2024 Q2)
Benefit Combinations via StatXplore, DWP. Mid-year population estimates via Nomis, ONS.
19-yr old without level 3 qualifications: 19-year-olds without Level 2 or 3 qualifications (2004/05-2022/23) Department for Education, Level 2 and 3 attainment by young people aged 19
Infant mortality: Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births by London borough (2022) Office for National Statistics
Old-age mortality: Premature deaths per 100,000 under-75 year olds by London borough (2023) Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, via Public Health England
GCSE attainment: 19-yr olds who achieve grades 9-4 in English and Maths by London borough (2022/23) Key stage 4 performance, Academic Year 2022/23, Department for Education
Proportion with no qualifications: Highest qualification levels obtained for working-age population by borough (2021) Annual Population Survey, NOMIS.